eISSN: 1897-4309
ISSN: 1428-2526
Contemporary Oncology/Współczesna Onkologia
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SCImago Journal & Country Rank
3/2021
vol. 25
 
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abstract:
Review article

The prevalence of DNA microsatellite instability in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma – systematic review and discussion of current therapeutic options

Maria Linda Rocha
1
,
Kurt Werner Schmid
2
,
Piotr Czapiewski
3, 4

  1. Institute of Pathology Königs Wusterhausen, Königs Wusterhausen, Germany
  2. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
  3. Institute of Pathology, Dessau Medical Centre, Dessau, Germany
  4. Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 25 (3): 213–223
Online publish date: 2021/10/14
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Introduction
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a rare, rapidly progressing, highly aggressive thyroid malignancy. Responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors in mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high tumours of other locations have shown promising results, and with the extended approval of the PD-1 receptor inhibitor pembrolizumab by the Food and Drug Administration, also anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) requires analysis for microsatellite instability (MSI) status.

Material and methods
Systematic research for relevant literature was conducted in different databases. Prevalence, detection methods, and the potential prognostic/predictive value of MSI in view of the available targeted therapies were of special focus.

Results
Selected citations revealed the prevalence of MSI in 7.4%, with mutations in the MSH2 gene (33%) being the most frequent, followed by MSH6 (25%) and MLH1 (16.7%) occurring in the following combinations: MLH1-MSH2 (8.3%), MSH2-MSH6 (8.3%), and MLH3-MSH5 (8.3%). No mutations in the PMS2 gene were reported. Sixty-six co-mutations in 9 cases were found, with TP53 (88.9%), NF1 (44.4 %), ATM (33.3%), and RB1 (33.3%) being the most frequent. No RAS mutations were noted. Survival ranged between 2.8 and 48 months, and patient age varied between 49 and 84 years. There are insufficient and heterogenous data concerning the predictive or prognostic value of mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability status.

Conclusions
Tumour molecular profiling is fundamental in ATC for predictive, prognostic, as well as therapeutic reasons, and analysis of MSI status is strongly suggested because a small subgroup show the MSI signature and might profit from recently approved targeted therapies.

keywords:

anaplastic thyroid cancer, microsatellite instability, MMR, immunotherapy, targeted therapy

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