Surgical treatment of cardiac metastatic melanoma

Introduction

Melanoma is an aggressive malignant neoplasm of the skin, the incidence of which increases linearly from the age of 25 to 50, and then the incidence decreases [1, 2]. Men are slightly more frequently affected than women, and the median age at which melanoma is detected and diagnosed is approximately 57 years old [1]. Recently, the incidence of melanoma has been increasing, especially in the Caucasian population [2].
Melanoma can spread to almost any organ, and the most common metastases are located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, lungs, brain, liver, and bone. This explains the different symptoms that happen depending on where the metastases are located [1, 3]. Among malignant tumors, melanoma has the highest propensity to metastasize to the heart, and this process occurs mainly through the blood route [4–6].
Melanoma metastases mainly affect the pericardium and myocardium, appearing as multifocal lesions, while the endocardium is rarely affected [5]. The metastasis may occur in any cavity of the heart, but typically, it is situated within the right atrium [1, 5, 7]. It appears that the identification of cardiac metastases is an adverse prognostic factor associated with an increased mortality [1, 3].
The majority of melanoma metastases to the heart are asymptomatic and can only be diagnosed through postmortem examination [1, 4, 5]. In contrast, ante-mortem diagnoses are incidental or symptomatic, with an estimated incidence of about < 2% of cases [1, 5]. Symptoms are usually related to the location in the heart, although some can cause systemic symptoms [7, 8]. Other factors influencing the clinical picture include the size of the metastasis, the propensity for embolization, invasiveness and the metastasis’ association with other cardiac structures [7].
Cardiac symptoms typically manifest late in the course of the disease, after the cancer has already spread extensively throughout the body [5]. Only 20–30% of patients develop impaired cardiac function [6, 7, 9].
Selected symptoms of melanoma metastasis to the heart are shown in Table I [1, 4, 6–8].
When carrying out the diagnostic process for a suspected tumor present in the heart, it is important to consider the age of the patient at the time of reporting, epidemiological and clinical probability, location of the tumor, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, including characteristics of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images [7, 8].
Laboratory studies may reveal anemia, an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and elevated levels of C-reactive protein and g-globulin. Sometimes thrombocytopenia is also present [7].
Imaging studies used to determine cardiac involvement also include echocardiography and computed tomography (CT) [5, 7]. Contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) allows assessment of the perfusion of the mass, which can differentiate a tumor from a thrombus. Malignant tumors are often highly vascularized and show greater contrast enhancement than the adjacent myocardium [7]. If a tumor is located in the left ventricle, TTE should be performed to exclude the presence of a patent foramen ovale [5]. Of the imaging modalities, CMR shows the greatest utility in identifying masses in the heart [5, 7]. CMR makes it possible to determine topographic relationships, spread to surrounding structures, tissue characteristics, and specific patterns of enhancement (i.e., absent, early or delayed) after contrast agent administration [7]. The paramagnetic effect of T1-shortening melanin causes melanoma metastases in the heart to appear hyperintense on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images [8].
Another method is positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT), which can be used simultaneously with MR imaging of the brain and CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis [5]. Using fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) in PET-CT, the malignancy and stage of the disease can be assessed. Furthermore, this test is used to detect tumor recurrence after surgery [7].
Non-surgical treatments consist of immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy [7]. Immune checkpoint inhibitors include ipilimumab (an antibody against CTLA-4) and nivolumab (an antibody against PD-1). They are used to improve the ability of T cells to fight cancer cells, thereby increasing the 5-year survival of patients treated with them [1, 3]. Targeted therapy targets BRAF and MEK, and the agents used include for example dabrafenib and trametinib [5]. Due to their direct immunomodulatory effects, BRAF and MEK inhibitors have long-term benefits; however, their side effect profile is higher than that of immune checkpoint inhibitors [3]. MR-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (MRgSBRT) is used to treat metastatic tumors in the heart and pericardium. This method is for intracardiac lesions using real-time kinetic MR with. MRgSBRT is currently evaluated as a reliable therapeutic option for patients with metastatic tumors in the heart [9].
The management of melanoma with cardiac metastases should be individualized depending on the patient’s and tumor’s characteristics [5]. Remission of metastatic melanoma in the heart can be achieved with appropriately selected treatment [1]. Positive prognostic factors include low or normal levels of LDH, a reduced tumor burden, and the presence of BRAF mutations [3]. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been shown to enhance 5-year survival rates for metastatic melanoma, currently exceeding 50% [1].
BRAF and MEK inhibitors, and immunotherapy should be considered as the first-line treatment for multiple and/or infiltrating tumors or further spread of the disease not amenable to complete resection, especially with a confirmed BRAF mutation [5]. Targeted therapy has shown a high response rate with a short median response time in patients with symptomatic single or disseminated non-life-threatening metastases with positive BRAF mutations. This may lead to the regression of symptomatic lesions or the conversion of previously unresectable lesions into surgically resectable lesions [5]. Patients with symptoms and hemodynamic instability should undergo a complete surgical resection with margins of healthy tissue if possible [5].

Material and methods

To provide this review, a manual search of PubMed database was held in June 2024. We used keywords “cardiac metastatic melanoma”, “melanoma metastases heart” and “cardiac metastases melanoma”. 39 studies were detected, 22 were excluded and finally we included 17 studies in our paper. The articles were evaluated by their titles, next by abstracts and then by full text. Papers were excluded if the case studies were focused on non-surgical treatment, if case studies and case series were based on autopsies or if no treatment was stated. We included case studies and case series that described surgical treatment of metastatic melanoma to the heart. The main aim of the paper is to summarize the topic of surgical treatment of metastatic melanoma to the heart.

Cardiac metastatic melanoma and its surgical treatment

A brief summary of the cases describing cardiac metastatic melanoma is presented in Table II [5, 10–25]. The review contained 3 case series and 14 case studies, so 26 pa­tients in general. 16 cases described male patients and 10 cases – female patients. The age of the patients varied from 31 to 80. The most common location of secondary melanomas seems to be the right atrium – fourteen cases described this location. The left atrium was involved in 2 cases. The left ventricle was disseminated in 3 patients, and the right ventricle in four cases. There was 1 case narrating the infiltration of both the left atrium and left ventricle, while the left ventricle and right side of the heart was described once, in a patient with patent foramen ovale. In one described patient, surgeons removed multiple masses located in the right atrium and right ventricle with dissemination of outflow tract. In the analyzed papers, patent foramen ovale was present in 2 patients. Bovine pericardial patch was used twice to provide accurate reconstruction of heart chambers. In 11 cases researchers described favorable results, while in 14 cases the patients died, mostly due to diffuse metastatic disease. Majority of cases presented described patients who had a history of malignant melanoma in the past in various locations, including ocular melanoma or scalp lesions. In some cases – primary lesions were never detected.

Discussion

Although metastatic melanomas are common, the cases of this malignant tumor metastasizing to the heart are rare, such as cardiac metastases in general [10–25]. On the other hand, it is worth remembering that primary cardiac tumors are significantly more rare than metastatic growths [19, 26, 27]. The incidence of metastatic tumors is estimated as 100-times higher than occurrence of primary tumors [28]. Metastases in the heart are caused by hematogenous spread and may be located in every part of the heart, including its walls [6, 7, 15, 26]. Other routes of spread are direct extension or lymphatic dissemination [7, 8, 29, 30]. Infiltration of pericardium and myocardium usually originates from coronary artery blood flow, and multifocal dissemination can be spread through vena cava [31]. Secondary tumors may present as small or large masses or as infiltrative disease [1]. The right side of the heart is in general more frequently affected and the most common location is the right atrium – the occurrence is estimated as 46% [5, 15, 32]. 18% of melanomas are located in the right ventricle and 18% in the left atrium [32]. It is vital to remember that in cases of metastatic tumors located on the left side of the heart, patent foramen ovale needs to be ruled out [5, 24]. Pericardium and myocardium are also commonly infiltrated, while endocardium or valves are rarely involved [5, 15, 26, 31]. Myocardium involvement is usually connected with infiltration of the left ventricle wall and septum [32]. Endocardium dissemination is typically linked with intracavitary masses [32]. In some cases, there is a need of differential diagnosis towards hypertrophic cardiomyopathy if the wall seems to be thickened, what may occur for example when the melanoma infiltrates ventricular apex [33]. It is particularly important in patients with a previous history of melanoma [33]. Among the valves, the tricuspid valve is most commonly affected [34].
When discussing the diagnostic approach for suspected cardiac tumors, it is essential to consider several factors. The patient’s age, epidemiological and clinical probability, and tumor location are crucial in forming an initial assessment [7, 8]. Laboratory tests may reveal unspecific markers such as anemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and gamma-globulin levels, with occasional thrombocytopenia [7]. Imaging modalities play a pivotal role, with echocardiography, CT, and CMR being fundamental [5, 7]. CMR is particularly valuable in characterizing tissue and surrounding cardiac and extracardiac structures. Furthermore, PET-CT can assess malignancy, stage the disease, and detect recurrences post-surgery, offering a comprehensive diagnostic toolset for managing cardiac tumors [7].
Surgical treatment should be preceded by critical evaluation of this decision and proceeded only if R0 resection level can be obtained, so no cancer cells are visible macroscopically and microscopically at all margins [5, 10]. Resection should be followed by chamber reconstruction providing accurate Favorably, the operation should be performed at the early stages of the disease [20]. Unfortunately, the literature points out that heart dissemination of malignant melanoma is typically connected with advanced phases of the disease and low survival chances as it is described as stage IV melanoma [6, 35, 36]. 5-year survival chances/rates are estimated as 15% to 20% [36, 37]. It is believed that the median interval between primary diagnosis of cardiac metastases of melanoma and death is approximately 2 years [1]. The main aim of the surgeries, both radical and palliative, is prevention of heart failure, heart tamponade, circulation obstruction, superior vena cava syndrome or dysrhythmias [20, 38]. It is worth mentioning that in cases of cardiac cancer spread, the heart is rarely the only location of tumor secondary growth [10]. Diffuse spread of the melanoma usually excludes patients from surgical management [29]. In some cases, surgeries are implemented due to reduction of the size of the tumor prior to the chemotherapy, or to mitigate symptoms and to prevent heart failure [20, 38]. Among potential complications one can distinguish myocardial destabilization or myocardial rupture [1]. Radical surgeries for metastatic melanoma should be performed in experienced cardiac surgery centers that provide the whole range of heart surgeries [16]. Besides cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, oncologists, radiologists, radiation oncologists and nuclear medicine doctors should be involved in the therapeutic process [16, 32, 39].
It is important to provide the patients with an individual approach regarding their management options. Surgical treatment should be a method of choice if the cardiac mass is solitary and the surgeon is able to perform total excision with clear margins [5, 17]. In cases of multiple tumors and generalized disease diffusion, systemic management should be implemented as the option of choice [5].
In the study held by Balinski et al., among 23 patients with cardiac metastases out of 1231 patients with melanoma, three (15%) underwent cardiac surgery [1]. Other methods implemented were radiation, immunotherapy and targeted therapy [1].
Aggressive therapy may lead to good outcomes in managing cardiac metastatic melanomas, but longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm that. The rarity of the disease, combined with the special circumstances needed to perform total resection of the tumor masses is the main limitation for providing studies on large groups of patients. Another limitation is that cardiac metastatic melanomas are often recognized post-mortem during autopsies as the disease often remains asymptomatic or diagnosed at a very late stage when the patient’s condition is too serious to provide an extensive diagnostic process.

Funding

No external funding.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.

References