1. Reddel HK, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. (2019): GINA 2019: a fundamental change in asthma management: Treatment of asthma with short-acting bronchodilators alone is no longer recommended for adults and adolescents. Eur Respir J 53: 1901046.
2.
Krings JG, Wojcik KM, Chen V, et al. (2022): Symptom-driven inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist therapy for adult patients with asthma who are non-adherent to daily maintenance inhalers: a study protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Trials 23: 975.
3.
Pakhale S, Mulpuru S, Boyd M (2011): Optimal management of severe/refractory asthma. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med 5: 37-47.
4.
Castillo JR, Peters SP, Busse WW (2017): Asthma exacerbations: Pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 5: 918-927.
5.
Peters MC, Mauger D, Ross KR, et al. (2020): Evidence for exacerbation-prone asthma and predictive biomarkers of exacerbation frequency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 202: 973-982.
6.
Demenais F, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Barnes KC, et al. (2018): Multiancestry association study identifies new asthma risk loci that colocalize with immune-cell enhancer marks. Nat Genet 50: 42-53.
7.
Kaur R, Chupp G (2019): Phenotypes and endotypes of adult asthma: Moving toward precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144: 1-12.
8.
Hirano T, Matsunaga K (2018): Late-onset asthma: current perspectives. J Asthma Allergy 11: 19-27.
9.
Nair P, O’Byrne PM (2016): Measuring eosinophils to make treatment decisions in asthma. Chest 150: 485-487.
10.
Amin K, Ludviksdottir D, Janson C, et al. (2000): Inflammation and structural changes in the airways of patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma. BHR Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162: 2295-2301.
11.
Bystrom J, Amin K, Bishop-Bailey D (2011): Analysing the eosinophil cationic protein--a clue to the function of the eosinophil granulocyte. Respir Res 12: 10.
12.
Busse W, Chupp G, Nagase H, et al. (2019): Anti-IL-5 treatments in patients with severe asthma by blood eosinophil thresholds: Indirect treatment comparison. J Allergy Clin Immunol 143: 190-200.e20.
13.
Kuruvilla ME, Lee FE, Lee GB (2019): Understanding asthma phenotypes, endotypes, and mechanisms of disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 56: 219-233.
14.
Jackson DJ, Makrinioti H, Rana BM, et al. (2014): IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190: 1373-1382.
15.
Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID, et al. (2018): Dupilumab efficacy and safety in moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med 378: 2486-2496.
16.
Maun HR, Jackman JK, Choy DF, et al. (2019): An allosteric anti-tryptase antibody for the treatment of mast cell-mediated severe asthma. Cell 179: 417-431.e19.
17.
Amin K, Janson C, Boman G, Venge P (2005): The extracellular deposition of mast cell products is increased in hypertrophic airways smooth muscles in allergic asthma but not in nonallergic asthma. Allergy 60: 1241-1247.
18.
Wechsler ME, Ruddy MK, Pavord ID, et al. (2021): Efficacy and safety of itepekimab in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. N Engl J Med 385: 1656-1668.
19.
Allinne J, Scott G, Lim WK, et al. (2019): IL-33 blockade affects mediators of persistence and exacerbation in a model of chronic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144: 1624-1637.e10.
20.
Ravanetti L, Dijkhuis A, Dekker T, et al. (2019): IL-33 drives influenza-induced asthma exacerbations by halting innate and adaptive antiviral immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 143: 1355-1370.e16.
21.
Sharma A, Laxman B, Naureckas ET, et al. (2019): Associations between fungal and bacterial microbiota of airways and asthma endotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144: 1214-1227.e7.
22.
Ostling J, van Geest M, Schofield JPR, et al. (2019): IL-17-high asthma with features of a psoriasis immunophenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144: 1198-1213.
23.
Ricciardolo FLM, Sorbello V, Folino A, et al. (2017): Identification of IL-17F/frequent exacerbator endotype in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 140: 395-406.
24.
O’Byrne PM, Metev H, Puu M, et al. (2016): Efficacy and safety of a CXCR2 antagonist, AZD5069, in patients with uncontrolled persistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 4: 797-806.
25.
Busse WW, Holgate S, Kerwin E, et al. (2013): Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188: 1294-1302.
26.
Cornelissen C, Lüscher-Firzlaff J, Baron JM, Lüscher B (2012): Signaling by IL-31 and functional consequences. Eur J Cell Biol 91: 552-566.
27.
Yu JI, Han WC, Yun KJ, et al. (2012): Identifying polymorphisms in IL-31 and their association with susceptibility to asthma. Korean J Pathol 46: 162-168.
28.
Ip WK, Wong CK, Li ML, et al. (2007): Interleukin-31 induces cytokine and chemokine production from human bronchial epithelial cells through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways: implications for the allergic response. Immunology 122: 532-541.
29.
Choy DF, Hart KM, Borthwick LA, et al. (2015): TH2 and TH17 inflammatory pathways are reciprocally regulated in asthma. Sci Transl Med 7: 301ra129.
30.
Camiolo MJ, Zhou X, Oriss TB, et al. (2021): High-dimensional profiling clusters asthma severity by lymphoid and non-lymphoid status. Cell Rep 35: 108974.
31.
Chambers M (2021): Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA): What’s New in GINA 2021?
32.
Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Blake KV, et al. (2020): 2020 Focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol 146: 1217-1270.
33.
Amin K, Rinne J, Haahtela T, et al. (2001): Inflammatory cell and epithelial characteristics of perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis with a symptom history of 1 to 3 years’ duration. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107: 249-257.
34.
Mogensen I, Alving K, Bjerg A, et al. (2016): Simultaneously elevated exhaled nitric oxide and serum-eosinophil cationic protein relate to recent asthma events in asthmatics in a cross-sectional population-based study. Clin Exp Allergy 46: 1540-1548.
35.
Granger V, Zerimech F, Arab J, et al. (2022): Blood eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin are associated with different asthma expression and evolution in adults. Thorax 77: 552-562.
36.
Howarth P, Quirce S, Papi A, et al. (2020): Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and clinical outcomes with mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma. Allergy 75: 2085-2088.
37.
Byström J, Tenno T, Hakansson L, et al. (2001): Monocytes, but not macrophages, produce the eosinophil cationic protein. APMIS 109: 507-516.
38.
Vega-Rioja A, Chacon P, Fernandez-Delgado L, et al. (2022): Regulation and directed inhibition of ECP production by human neutrophils. Front Immunol 13: 1015529.
39.
Byström J, Garcia RC, Hakansson L, et al. (2002): Eosinophil cationic protein is stored in, but not produced by, peripheral blood neutrophils. Clin Exp Allergy 32: 1082-1091.
40.
Kantor DB, Stenquist N, McDonald MC, et al. (2016): Rhinovirus and serum IgE are associated with acute asthma exacerbation severity in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 138: 1467-1471.e9.
41.
Lai T, Wu D, Li W, et al. (2016): Interleukin-31 expression and relation to disease severity in human asthma. Sci Rep 6: 22835.
42.
Rudrich U, Gehring M, Papakonstantinou E, et al. (2018): Eosinophils are a major source of interleukin-31 in bullous pemphigoid. Acta Derm Venereol 98: 766-771.
43.
Stott B, Lavender P, Lehmann S, et al. (2013): Human IL-31 is induced by IL-4 and promotes TH2-driven inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132: 446-454.e5.
44.
Nemmer JM, Kuchner M, Datsi A, et al. (2021): Interleukin-31 signaling bridges the gap between immune cells, the nervous system and epithelial tissues. Front Med (Lausanne) 8: 639097.
45.
Ulambayar B, Lee SH, Yang EM, et al. (2019): Association between epithelial cytokines and clinical phenotypes of elderly asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 11: 79-89.
46.
Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. (2021): Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med 384: 1800-1809.
47.
Haselkorn T, Szefler SJ, Simons FE, et al. (2010): Allergy, total serum immunoglobulin E, and airflow in children and adolescents in TENOR. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 21: 1157-1165.
48.
Agache I, Ciobanu C, Agache C, Anghel M (2010): Increased serum IL-17 is an independent risk factor for severe asthma. Respir Med 104: 1131-1137.
49.
Ozceker D, Bulut M, Ozbay AC, et al. (2018): Assessment of IL-31 levels and disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 46: 322-325.
50.
Ray A, Das J, Wenzel SE (2022): Determining asthma endotypes and outcomes: Complementing existing clinical practice with modern machine learning. Cell Rep Med 3: 100857.
